Late hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm： A rare complication after resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

We report an unusual pathological entity of a pseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery, which developed two years after the resection of a type 11 hilar cholangiocarcinoma and secondary to an excessive skeletonization for regional lymphadenectomy and neoadjuvant external-beam radiotherapy. After a sudden and massive hematemesis, a multidetector computed tomographic angiography （MDCTA） showed a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm. Angiography with embolization of the pseudoaneurysm was attempted using microcoils with adequate patency of the hepatic artery and the occlusion of the pseudoaneurysm. A new episode of hematemesis 3 wk later revealed a partial revascularization of the pseudoaneurysm. A definitive interventional radiological treatment consisting of transarterial embolization （TAE） of the right hepatic artery with stainless steel coils and polyvinyl alcohol particles was effective and welltolerated with normal liver function tests and without signs of liver infarction.     

Intraluminal brachytherapy without stenting in intrahepatic papillary cholangiocarcinoma: A case report

A 46-year-old female patient, with mild cholestasis by a large papillary cholangiocarcinoma involving the left hepatic duct, received intraluminal brachytherapy (50 Gy at 1 cm from the source axis) with the aim to relieve biliary obstruction without stent positioning. The patient presented with haemobilia and vegetant lesions in the left main biliary duct, and thus she had a high risk of early stent obstruction. Eighteen months after the treatment the patient presented tumour progression in the controlateral hepatic lobe, but had a patent left hepatic duct, without signs of cholestasis and/or cholangitis.Based on this and other published reports, intraluminal brachytherapy may be tested in a setting different from standard setting with the aim to safely palliate jaundice in patients with intraductal tumour growth in the biliary tract.     

奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨一线治疗晚期肝内胆管癌的临床观察

目的:探讨奥沙利铂联合卡培他滨一线治疗晚期肝内胆管细胞癌的疗效及安全性.方法:16例无法手术的晚期肝内胆管细胞癌患者接受以下化疗,奥沙利铂130 mg/m2,d1;卡培他滨2 000 mg/m2,d1～14,每21天为1个周期(XELOX方案).最多接受6个周期的化疗.结果:16例患者中CR 0例,PR 2例(12.5%),SD 5例(31.2%).PD 9例(56.2%),临床获益率43.7%,中位TTP 2.1个月,中位生存时间7个月.主要毒副作用有骨髓抑制、外周神经毒性、消化道反应、手足综合征,多为1～2度,无治疗相关性死亡.结论:XELOX方案治疗晚期肝内胆管细胞癌有一定近期疗效,耐受性好.     

影响肝门部胆管癌术后远期预后的因素

目的 探讨影响肝门部胆管癌术后远期预后的相关因素。方法 将2011年1月至2017年12月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院肝胆外科诊治的49例肝门部胆管癌患者作为研究对象,通过随访观察,对临床数据进行单因素及多因素分析,讨论其对远期预后的影响。结果 患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为87.3%、30.8%和6.2%,中位生存时间为29个月。单因素分析显示,术前是否行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流（percutaneous transhepatic cholangic drainage,PTCD）、病理分化程度、肿瘤大小、神经侵犯是可能影响预后的因素。多因素COX比例风险模型分析表明,患者的有神经侵犯和肿瘤低分化程度是降低患者预后的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 肝门部胆管癌患者术后总体预后不良,分化程度低及伴有神经侵犯是其独立危险因素。     

老年高位胆管癌的手术治疗方法与疗效分析

目的探讨老年人高位胆管癌的手术治疗方式及临床疗效。方法对17例经手术治疗的老年高位胆管癌病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果完成根治性切除7例（根治组）,仅行姑息性切除10例（非根治组）。根治组中位生存期为23.2个月,非根治组中位生存期为11.3个月,两者有显著差异（P〈0.05）。非根治组中内引流者中位生存期为12.7个月,而外引流者中位生存期仅为5.6个月,两者有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论积极提高手术切除率是改善老年人肝门部胆管癌预后的惟一有效方法,清扫肝十二指肠韧带、适宜的肝部分切除可提高根治性切除率;姑息性切除、胆道引流特别是外引流有助于改善患者生活质量,但对延长生存期贡献有限。     

Preoperative evaluation with T-staging system for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

AIM： To investigate the clinical value of T-staging system in the preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS： From March 1993 to January 2006, 85 patients who had cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed by operative tissue-biopsy were placed into one of three stages based on the new T-staging system, and it was evaluated the resectability and survival correlated with T-staging. RESULTS： The likelihood of resection and achieving tumor-free margin decreased progressively with increasing T stage （P 〈 0.05）. The cumulative 1-year survival rates of T1, T2 and T3 patients were 71.8%, 50.8% and 12.9% respectively, and the cumulative 3-year survival rate was 34.4%, 18.2% and 0% respectively; the survival of different stage patients differed markedly （P 〈 0.001）. Median survival in the hepatic resection group was greater than in the group that did not undergo hepatic resection （28 mo vs 18 mo; P 〈 0.05）. The overall accuracy for combined MRCP and color Doppler Ultrasonagraphy detecting disease was higher than that of combined using CT and color Doppler Ultrasonagraphy （91.4% vs 68%; P 〈 0.05 ）. And it was also higher in detecting port vein involvement （90% vs 54.5%; P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： The proposed staging system for hilar cholangiocarcinoma can accurately predict resectability, the likelihood of metastatic disease, and survival. A concomitant partial hepatectomy would help to attain curative resection and the possibility of longterm survival. MRCP/MRA coupled with color Doppler UItrasonagraphy was necessary for preoperative evaluation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.（OR = 2.46, 95% CI = 0.98-6.14）, and a significantly elevated risk of developing esophageal cancer among alcohol drinkers among alcohol drinkers （OR = 9.86, 95% CI = 3.10-31.38）. CONCLUSION： ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes areassociated with esophageal cancer risk. ADH2＊1 allele and ALDH2＊2 allele carriers have a much higher risk of developing esophageal cancer, especially among alcohol drinkers.     

Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in cholangiocarcinoma: correlation with clinicopathological features and prognosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: No information is available on the nature of the correlation between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the clinicopathological features and prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC). The goal of the present study was to determine the possible roles and clinical significance of COX-2 expression in CC. METHODS: We investigated the immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 in 102 patients with CC with respect to clinicopathological characteristics, namely evidence of Clonorchis sinensis infection, proliferation index (PI, assessed by Ki-67 expression), apoptotic index (AI, assessed by TUNEL stain), and microvessel density (MVD, assessed by CD34 expression). Evidence of C. sinensis infection was assessed by the microscopic examination of stools for C. sinensis ova, serological testing (ELISA), and the detection of peripheral bile duct dilations by imaging studies. RESULTS: An immunohistochemical investigation demonstrated the immunolabeling of tumor cells, mainly in the cytoplasmic and perinuclear regions, in 53 (52%) of the 102 patients with CC. No significant differences were found in terms of age, sex, tumor differentiation, involvement of the resection margin, presence of lymph nodes or liver metastases, or in pTNM stage between COX-2 positive and COX-2 negative patients. However, evidence of C. sinensis infection was more common in COX-2 positive patients (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found for PI, AI, MVD, or cumulative survival between COX-2 positive and COX-2 negative patients. CONCLUSION: Clonorchis sinensis infection is related to aberrant COX-2 expression in patients with CC. However, COX-2 expression is not related to clinical outcome in CC patients.     

Indications for non-transplant surgery in primary sclerosing cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PCS) is a progressive disease leading to secondary biliary cirrhosis. Patients are at increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma, which is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. Treatment of PCS includes medical therapy, endoscopic biliary dilation, percutaneous transhepatic stenting, extrahepatic biliary resection and liver transplantation. The most effective management of primary sclerosing cholangitis before the onset of cirrhosis remains unclear. Non-transplant surgical procedures have a limited but defined role in patients with PCS. Resection of the extrahepatic biliary tree in symptomatic non-cirrhotic patients improves hyperbilirubinaemia and prolongs both transplant-free and overall survival when compared with non-operative dilation and/or stenting. Surgical resection may also definitively establish or exclude a diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with dominant extrahepatic or perihilar strictures. Extrahepatic bile duct resection may also reduce the risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Extrahepatic biliary resection should be considered in selected non-cirrhotic patients with symptomatic biliary obstruction and dominant extrahepatic and/or perihilar strictures. Those patients in whom cholangiocarcinoma is suspected should also undergo resection.     

Practical review for diagnosis and clinical management of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma(CCC) is the most aggressive malignant tumor of the biliary tract. Perihilar CCC(pCCC) is the most common CCC and is burdened by a complicated diagnostic iter and its anatomical location makes surgical approach burden by poor results. Besides its clinical presentation, a multimodal diagnostic approach should be carried on by a tertiary specialized center to avoid missdiagnosis. Preoperative staging must consider the extent of liver resection to avoid post-surgical hepatic failure. During staging iter, magnetic resonance can obtain satisfactory cholangiographic images, while invasive techniques should be used if bile duct samples are needed. Consistently, to improve diagnostic potential, bile duct drainage is not necessary in jaundice, while it is indicated in refractory cholangitis or when liver hypertrophy is needed. Once resecability criteria are identified, the extent of liver resection is secondary to the longitudinal spread of CCC. While in the past type IV pCCC was not considered resectable, some authors reported good results after their treatment. Conversely, in selected unresectable cases, liver transplantation could be a valuable option. Adjuvant chemotherapy is the standard of care for resected patients, while neoadjuvant approach has growing evidences. If curative resection is not achieved, radiotherapy can be added to chemotherapy. This multistep curative iter must be carried on in specialized centers. Hence, the aim of this review is to highlight the main steps and pitfalls of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pCCC with a peculiar attention to type IV pCCC.     

单人经口胆道镜与射频消融术同台诊治不可切除肝外胆管癌的可行性与安全性研究

目的　探讨单人经口胆道镜联合射频消融术（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）同台诊治不可切除肝外胆管癌的可行性和安全性。方法　回顾2013年1月至2022年1月期间在杭州市第一人民医院治疗的90例可疑肝外胆管癌患者资料,根据诊治过程最终纳入69例,分为常规分次组（n=34）：先经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP）+细胞刷或单人经口胆道镜检查取得活检组织,待获得阳性病理结果再次行ERCP+RFA;同台诊治组（n=35）：行ERCP经单人经口胆道镜检查胆道并对病灶行直视下活检,对术中快速病理结果确定为恶性肿瘤的患者同台行RFA。对比两组操作成功率、术后胆红素恢复情况、ERCP次数、术后不良事件发生率、住院时间及费用。结果　两组患者均成功完成内镜下RFA,操作成功率100.0%（69/69）。分次组和同台组总胆红素术后下降50%及以上的患者比例差异无统计学意义［52.94%（18/34）比57.14%（20/35）,χ2=0.27,P=0.604］。分次组ERCP次数明显多于同台组［（2.59±0.50）次/人比（1.00±0.00）次/人］,差异有统计学意义（t=3.13,P=0.002）。分次组和同台组术后总体不良事件发生率差异无统计学意义［（67.65%（23/34）比65.71%（23/35）,χ2=2.83 ,P=0.626］。分次组住院时间明显长于同台组,差异有统计学意义［（17.41±9.13） d比（7.91±3.48） d,t=5.32,P=0.001］。分次组住院费用明显多于同台组,差异有统计学意义［（37 127.88±3 763.77）元比（23 980.69±4 767.15）元,t=6.61,P=0.001］。结论　单人经口胆道镜直视下诊断+活检联合RFA同台诊治不可切除肝外胆管癌可减少ERCP次数,并且不增加术后不良事件发生率,是一种安全有效且具有较高成本-效益比的诊治方法。